In northern Wisconsin, where outdoor enthusiasts live for snow and ice, warmer than usual weather has skiers and snowmobilers turning to wheels, and race organizers breaking out snowmaking machines.

In December, weather stations in Brule, Ashland and Hayward recorded temperatures more than 12 degrees Fahrenheit above the 30-year average, according to the National Weather Service.

Kevin Huyck, meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Duluth, said those areas saw about 11 to 16 inches less snow than average for the month.

“(It’s) definitely been drier than what we’ve seen in the past as far as snowfall for this past month of December,” Huyck said.

The lack of snow threatens to upend winter activities such as the 50th annual American Birkebeiner Ski Race, which contributes a roughly $20 million economic impact in the region. In February, more than 40,000 skiers and spectators are expected to take part during the week of the race, which will host World Cup athletes and three-time Olympic medalist Jessie Diggins.

Ben Popp, executive director of the American Birkebeiner Ski Foundation, said they’ve been making snow around the clock since the end of December to reopen a small stretch of trail Thursday. He said they have a plan to make snow for as much as 10 kilometers of the 50-kilometer race that runs from Cable to Hayward.

“We have some calendar dates marked that, if snow still doesn’t come, let’s start building this huge cache of snow that we can then start to build that additional trail should we need it come the end of February to ensure that the 50th anniversary of the Birkebeiner happens,” Popp said.

Snowmaking is something Birkie officials hadn’t seriously considered until they were forced to call off North America’s largest cross-country ski race in 2017. Warm weather and rain canceled the event for only the second time in its nearly 50-year run.

Since then, Popp said officials have spent about $600,000 on snowmaking equipment. The foundation is currently trying to raise about $10.2 million through a capital campaign. Of that, around $1.2 million would be devoted to snowmaking for the course that draws more than 100,000 skiers each year like Katie Eichten.

Eichten, a physician, has worked with the U.S. Ski Team for Junior World Championship events. She also coaches the Spooner Nordic Ski Team. She and her athletes have been rollerskiing — training on pavement with short skis equipped with wheels — due to the lack of snow.

“I love to ski. I don’t love to train, so it is discouraging,” Eichten said. “Because I want to ski. I want to be in the woods and feel that feeling and pride on the trails and just enjoying the movement and the process and the breathing and all the things that make it seem so wonderful.”

A 2021 report from the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts found that winter has warmed twice as fast as other seasons in Wisconsin. It also notes winter precipitation has increased 20% since 1950 as weather in the state has grown warmer and wetter. In the winter, precipitation is falling more frequently as rain or freezing rain rather than snow.

The lack of snow this year has been even more pronounced in Ironwood, Michigan, which is just across the border from Wisconsin’s self-proclaimed snow capital in Hurley. A station there recorded only 7.7 inches of snow in December, down 35.5 inches from the average for the month.

Iron County Forest Administrator Eric Peterson said not a single one of the county’s roughly 310 miles of snowmobile trails are open.